La atención es uno de los fenómenos psicológicos más presentes en la obra orteguiana y, a la vez, uno de los más desatendidos por la crítica. Habitualmente el fenómeno ha quedado eclipsado por ideas tradicionalmente más nodales como la de “perspectiva”, sin embargo, no podemos ignorar que ideas como esta hallan su fundamento precisamente sobre el fenómeno de la atención, lo que le otorga una importancia a considerar. En el presente libro, mediante una revisión crítica de los textos orteguianos, se (...) despliega y reúne un conjunto de argumentos con los que defender la centralidad de la atención en el pensamiento orteguiano ofreciendo, con ella, uno de los elementos cardinales en la estructuración sistemática de su obra, pues, como veremos, es en la atención donde el autor halla el fundamento para edi car su método perspectivista y, a su vez, donde descansa cierta posibilidad de cristalizar su doctrina raciovitalista. (shrink)

A obra aqui analisada pertence ao professor, ensaísta e filósofo Ollivier Pourriol, conferencista francês, cujas temáticas dos seus projetos circundam a relação entre filosofia e cinema. Esta obra, em específico, aborda o desejo no cinema. Dialogando as narrativas cinematográficas que abordam o desejo e pontuando entre filosofia e cinema os conceitos que se expressam nas imagens.

For over a decade neuroscience has uncovered that appropriate decision-making in daily life decisions results from a strong interplay between cognition and covert biases produced by emotional processes. This interplay is particularly important in social contexts: lesions in the pathways supporting these processes provoke serious impairments on social behavior. One important mechanism in social contexts is empathy, fundamental for appropriate social behavior. This paper presents arguments supporting this connection between cognition and emotion, in individual as well as in social contexts. (...) The central claim of this paper is that biologically inspired cognitive architectures ought to include these mechanisms. A taxonomy of computational models addressing emotions is presented, together with a brief survey of the research published in this area. The Prisoner Dilemma game is used as a case study exposing the trade-off between individual rationality and cooperative behavior. Experiments using a simple implementation of empathy and emotion expression, employing an Iterated Prisoner Dilemma setup, illustrate the emergence of a cooperative behavior mutually beneficial for both players. (shrink)

In this article, the right to health is discussed as a social right and an essential requisite in the construction and guarantee of human rights, more precisely human dignity, considering this right as a complex but effective process in the transformation of the social reality. In the first place, the activities of the public power and its difficulties to guarantee universal access to health are highlighted. This scenario ends up inhibiting the practice of the right to health and prevents users (...) from enjoying and using it. In that sense, this article challenges and explores some alternatives to solidify and put in practice the right to health in Brazil. Departing from the analysis of the Unified Health System (SUS) and social participation in Brazil, this article discusses the judicialization of health in the country, highlighting the difficulties the State faces to equitably offer universal healthcare to society. This context offers an opportunity for reflection and a paradigm change, from the “judicialization of health” to the “judicialization of health policies.” Finally, the public health policies adopted by other countries are emphasized, in the attempt to construct the empowerment of human beings in the practice of their rights, particularly social participation and the discussion about the States’ responsibility to put their citizens’ right to health in practice. In conclusion, the political and collective construction of the right to health needs to be encouraged, distinguishing the legitimate interests of the different interlocutors involved. (shrink)

Attention is an essential phenome-non to understand the scope of the perspectival methodology in Ortega; therefore, it’s a useful tool to go further in the study of the applicability of ratiovitalism. At the same time, for it is easy tracking in the Ortega’s work, it’s a good knoll to investigate the sources which influenced Ortega in the establishment and, therefore, to explore the shaping of his meth-odology. Our study, based on an analysis of the phenomenon of attention in Ortega's work, (...) guides us to find, in the phenomenolog-ical studies of perception, the core of such influence, thereby accentuating the role of phenomenology in the establishment of Ortega's thought. (shrink)

A obra "O racional e o místico em Wittgenstein" é uma das obras do professor Urbano Zilles, da PUC-RS, que tem a finalidade de mostrar um panorama da filosofia de Ludwig Wittgenstein com leitura e análise de suas principais obras: Tractatus Lógicus-philosophicus e Investigações Filosóficas.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper selected by ICIL 2019 committee in Rome is to demonstrate the current importance of the internet in the protection of democracy in developting countries.Design/methodology/approachIt is intended to make a comparison with the growing and current phenomenon of Brazilian disinformation with other contemporary phenomena related to new technologies through literature review methodology.FindingsThe Brazilian elections in 2018 represent an authentic model in a post-Cambridge Analytical phase where the myth of the sanctity of data has been broken. The (...) big influence of the algorithmic revolution on democracies in Latin America has never been more evident. The misuse of algorithms created an artificial environment that does not put us in contact with different realities; the consequences of this conjuncture have the deepest impacts, especially in countries that rely on a deficient educational system.Social implicationsBesides that, the broad use of zero-rating on the internet delivery in developing countries is also considered a factor of fake news dissemination. The information bubbles promote political polarization to the detriment of diversity – and the diversity is par excellence one of the pillars of democracy.Originality/valueThe research about the impact that the phenomenon of disinformation has on underdeveloped countries, it is essential to analyze the new role of the legislator in the elaboration of hypercomplex laws with multi-stakeholder interests that respect the essential core of digital human rights as the freedom of expression online. (shrink)

En la aplicación de la Analítica Existencial heideggeriana al campo de la psiquiatría, Binswanger se vio con la necesidad de trascender ciertos aspectos de su pensamiento encaminando su planteamiento ontológico a una tematización de cala- do antropológico. Esta interpretaría la “existencia” como la existencia de cada sujeto particular en su mundo vivido. Teniendo presente que, para Binswanger, el mundo contemplaba innegociablemente al “otro”, el modelo de ser-en-el-mundo se ampliaría a ser-en-el-mundo-con-otros, por lo que la noción de Sorge, orientada hacia uno (...) mismo, se vería igualmente ampliada a la de Liebe, implicando ese amor a la alteridad. Estas progresiones, como veremos en el artículo, despiertan no pocos acercamientos al pen- samiento orteguiano. Así, advertimos la proximidad a la idea de “vida”; a sus nociones antropológicas e intentos de catalogación sociológica; la idea de “preocupación” como cuidado, que contempla a la circunstancia como parte de “mi vida” y, en ella, necesa- riamente al otro como prójimo. Estas y otras conexiones entre ambos autores será lo que analicemos en el presente artículo. (shrink)

L’articolo si concentra su uno snodo centrale nella lunga crisi che tocca la dottrina eucaristica nel Medioevo, ovvero sulla presunta controversia tra Pascasio Radberto e Ratramno di Corbie nel IX secolo a proposito della presenza di Cristo nel sacramento, in figura oppure in verità. Partendo dalla constatazione che le visioni dei due monaci non sono contrapposte, come si è creduto a partire dal X-XI secolo, intendiamo innanzitutto mostrare che i loro sono tentativi complementari di ritradurre entro categorie chiare e univoche (...) una dottrina patristica caratterizzata dalla sua indeterminatezza. Per spiegare l’origine di questa esigenza di chiarificazione, mostreremo come il contesto corbiense sia stato permeato dall’influenza del primo rientro dell’aristotelismo (la _logica vetus_) sulla base di un più ampio programma carolingio di modernizzazione della società e di razionalizzazione della dottrina. La crisi eucaristica, di cui a Corbie si vedono le prime avvisaglie, appare quindi come una faticosa contrattazione sul significato della dottrina patristica al fine di conservare un equilibrio tra simbolismo e realismo, resasi necessaria come effetto di un cambio di paradigma logico-ontologico pur di preservare l’unità della fede e quindi della comunità cristiana. Questa crisi si chiuderà solo con la dottrina della transustanziazione, al termine di un lungo processo di razionalizzazione preso in carico da una classe di _tecnici_ della teologia. _The paper focuses on a central juncture in the long crisis that touches Eucharistic doctrine in the Middle Ages, namely the alleged dispute between Paschasius Radbertus and Ratramnus of Corbie in the ninth century regarding the presence of Christ in the sacrament: in figure or in truth? Starting from the observation that the visions of the two monks are not opposed, as was believed from the 10th-11th centuries onward, we intend first to show that theirs are complementary attempts to translate within clear and unambiguous categories the vagueness of patristic doctrine. In order to explain the origin of this need for clarification, we show how the Corbian context was permeated by the influence of the first return of Aristotelianism (the _logica vetus_) on the basis of a broader Carolingian program of modernization of society and rationalization of doctrine. The Eucharistic crisis, the first signs of which can be seen in Corbie, thus appears as a bargaining over the meaning of patristic doctrine in order to preserve a balance between symbolism and realism, made necessary as the effect of a logical-ontological paradigm shift in order to preserve the unity of the faith and thus of the Christian community. This crisis will close only with the doctrine of transubstantiation, at the end of a long process of rationalization taken over by a class of experts of theology_. (shrink)

A partir de la aparentemente contradictoria expresión “nostalgia de futuro”, en el presente artículo nos adentramos en el análisis del complejo entramado de tensiones temporales que subyacen a la experiencia humana, en concreto bajo la coloración del tono nostálgico. Trataremos de analizar las relaciones de interdependencia que guardan los distintos horizontes temporales, tanto en la experiencia nostálgica como en la experiencia originaria a la que esta refiere y que es materia de evocación. En tal contexto, pondremos especial énfasis en el (...) papel de las expectativas, y en su influencia en la “futura” emergencia del temple nostálgico, un papel que, aun cuando actúan de manera preconsciente, resulta esencial para comprender la sensación de pérdida de familiaridad que siente quien ve incumplidas tales pretensiones. (shrink)

Background: Pediatric nursing care involves many significant ethical challenges. Although nurses are broadly recognized as professionals with relevant knowledge about children and families, little is known about how nurses experience ethical concerns in their everyday practice. Objective: The objective of this study was to better understand the moral experiences and related moral distress experiences of nurses working in pediatric settings in Brazil. Design: Interpretative phenomenological study conducted through narrative interviews. Participants and research context: Nine nurses working in three pediatric settings (...) of a teaching hospital in a city of Southern Brazil. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the research site, and research ethics principles were respected throughout the study. Findings: This investigation illuminated a broader dimension of nurses’ moral distress, which was recognized as moral experience. In advancing our understanding of nurses’ moral experiences, engagement was identified as a central phenomenon that is present in the understandings and actions of nurses within their relationships in their daily practice and lived experiences. Three themes were described with regard to nurses’ relationships and their moral experiences: (a) relationship with the healthcare team; (b) relationship with the family; and (c) relationship with the child. Discussion: The findings of this study are congruent with emerging health literature that demonstrated the focus on moral distress as limiting for bioethical inquiry. Moreover, it is important to better understand and recognize nurses’ relational environment and engagements to advance understandings of the ethical dimensions of pediatric nursing practice. Conclusion: This study provides a better understanding on how engagement affects moral experiences, demonstrating how nurses can experience distress but also satisfaction, gratification, rewarding feelings, and a sense of responsibility for the care they provide. (shrink)

This paper proposes a sender-receiver model to explain two large-scale patterns observed in natural languages: Zipf’s inverse power law relating the frequency of word use and word rank, and the negative correlation between the frequency of word use and rate of lexical change. Computer simulations show that the model recreates Zipf’s inverse power law and the negative correlation between signal frequency and rate of change, provided that agents balance the rates with which they invent new signals and forget old ones. (...) Results are robust across a wide range of parameter values and structural assumptions, such as different forgetting rules and forgetting rates. Analysis of the model further suggests that Zipf’s law relating word frequency and rank arises because of language-external factors and that frequent signals change less because frequent signals are less subject to drift than rare ones. The paper concludes with some brief considerations on model-based and data-driven approaches in philosophy. (shrink)

Nostalgia refers to that painful experience due to the impossibility of recovering a past whose memory provokes a feeling of comforting happiness and which, nevertheless, inevitably attracts us. This leads us to a reiterated tendency to remember in search of that space of familiarity, of sense, which we know is lost, although we trust that it’s still redeemable. In this article we will analyze this possibility of reencounter that, in its expression, enables a potential recognition of oneself, that is, an (...) opportunity to reaffirm the past-present continuity that reinforces the unfolding of a life project today, looking at the future. (shrink)

Many times we have discussed about the appropriateness of situating to Vygotski in the Olympus of psychology. Even today, 80 years later, his theories continue creating as many supporters, defenders of his originality, as effusive critics who accuse the methodological shortcomings of his work. In our view, one of the shortcomings that have accused more his work is the lack of a solid theoretical foundation that endows meaning with the available host of data and results. Therefore, the objective of this (...) article is to show a feasible solution that would be to approach, sometimes encounter with certain phenomenological propositions, for that matter, from the phenomenological studies of perception and its attention to the weight of cultural predicates, where the language is the main element and, at the same time, the meeting point with Vygotski which will help strengthen the foundations of its proposal. (shrink)

La “percepción” es uno de los elementos imprescindibles para la comprensión del pensamiento orteguiano: es la vía por la que nuestra consciencia se abre a lo circundante, fundamento de toda perspectiva y, en consecuencia, elemento fundamental para el autor. A su vez, es uno de los elementos que convierte al pensador madrileño en uno de los estudiosos más originales en este campo. El presente artículo pretende mostrar cómo, para Ortega, ya desde sus inicios, su filosofía de la percepción –de matriz (...) perspectivista–, al fundamentarse en la mundaneidad del individuo y apoyar su percepción cognoscitiva sobre el fenómeno de la atención, incluye o muda, de un modo nada forzado, a una filosofía de la cultura, pues cuando Ortega habla de percepción, lo hace siempre en tanto percepción con predicados culturales. Fue Ortega uno de los primeros en advertir lo ineludible de dicha cualidad. (shrink)

In this article, the right to health is discussed as a social right and an essential requisite in the construction and guarantee of human rights, more precisely human dignity, considering this right as a complex but effective process in the transformation of the social reality. In the first place, the activities of the public power and its difficulties to guarantee universal access to health are highlighted. This scenario ends up inhibiting the practice of the right to health and prevents users (...) from enjoying and using it. In that sense, this article challenges and explores some alternatives to solidify and put in practice the right to health in Brazil. Departing from the analysis of the Unified Health System (SUS) and social participation in Brazil, this article discusses the judicialization of health in the country, highlighting the difficulties the State faces to equitably offer universal healthcare to society. This context offers an opportunity for reflection and a paradigm change, from the “judicialization of health” to the “judicialization of health policies.” Finally, the public health policies adopted by other countries are emphasized, in the attempt to construct the empowerment of human beings in the practice of their rights, particularly social participation and the discussion about the States’ responsibility to put their citizens’ right to health in practice. In conclusion, the political and collective construction of the right to health needs to be encouraged, distinguishing the legitimate interests of the different interlocutors involved. (shrink)

People with mental illness are subjected to stigma and discrimination and constantly face restrictions in the exercise of their political, civil and social rights. Considering this scenario, mental health, ethics and human rights are key approaches to advance the well-being of persons with mental illnesses. The study was conducted to review the scope of the empirical literature available to answer the research question: What evidence is available regarding human rights and ethical issues regarding nursing care to persons with mental illnesses? (...) A scoping review methodology guided by Arksey and O’Malley was used. Studies were identified by conducting electronic searches on CINAHL, PubMed, SCOPUS and Hein databases. Of 312 citations, 26 articles matched the inclusion criteria. The central theme which emerged from the literature was “Ethics and Human Rights Boundaries to Mental Health Nursing practice”. Mental health nurses play a key and valuable role in ensuring that their interventions are based on ethical and human rights principles. Mental health nurses seem to have difficulty engaging with the ethical issues in mental health, and generally are dealing with acts of paternalism and with the common justification for those acts. It is important to open a debate regarding possible solutions for this ethical dilemma, with the purpose to enable nurses to function in a way that is morally acceptable to the profession, patients and members of the public. This review may serve as an instrument for healthcare professionals, especially nurses, to reflect about how to fulfil their ethical responsibilities towards persons with mental illnesses, protecting them from discrimination and safeguarding their human rights, respecting their autonomy, and as a value, keeping the individual at the centre of ethical discourse. (shrink)

In a series of papers, Forber and Smead :151–166, 2014, Biol Philos 30:405–421, 2015) and Smead and Forber :698–707, 2013) make a valuable contribution to the study of cooperation in finite populations by analyzing an understudied model: the prisoner’s delight. It always pays to cooperate in the one-shot prisoner’s delight, so this model presents a best-case scenario for the evolution of cooperation. Yet, what Forber and Smead find is highly counterintuitive. In finite populations playing the prisoner’s delight, increasing the benefit (...) of cooperation causes selection to favor defection. Here, I extend their model by considering the effects of non-linear payoffs. In particular, I show that interesting subtleties arise when payoffs are synergistic. Indeed, analysis reveals that increasing the benefit of cooperation does not always favor the spread of defection if payoffs are synergistic. I conclude by drawing some general considerations about robustness analysis in evolutionary models. (shrink)

Resumen El 16 de noviembre de 2015, se enfrentaron en el programa televisivo Argentina Debate los dos candidatos a presidente argentinos que una semana después competirían en ballotage: Mauricio Macri y Daniel Scioli. Durante el debate, sus cuentas oficiales de Twitter fueron constantemente actualizadas mediante la reproducción de fragmentos de sus participaciones en el programa. Consideramos que el análisis de los mismos, desde la perspectiva de la pragmática sociocultural. Pragmática, sociopragmática y pragmática sociocultural del discurso de cortesía: una introducción. En (...) D. Bravo, N. Hernández Flores, y A. Cordisco, Aportes pragmáticos, socio pragmáticos y socioculturales a los estudios de la cortesía. Estocolmo – Buenos Aires: Dunken), nos permitirá comprender las actividades de imagen mediante las cuales se construyó y negoció, en Twitter, la imagen de estos candidatos. Se presenta aquí el análisis de 12 mensajes publicados, durante el debate, en la cuenta oficial de ambos candidatos. Se concluye que Mauricio Macri realiza actividades en torno a su imagen de afiliación. ¿Imagen positiva vs. imagen negativa? Pragmática socio-cultural y componentes de face. Oralia 2. Análisis del discurso oral, 155–184) como miembro del partido político Cambiemos y como un ciudadano que sufre las consecuencias de la mala gestión del gobierno. Simultáneamente, desarrolla su imagen de autonomía. ¿Imagen positiva vs. imagen negativa? Pragmática socio-cultural y componentes de face. Oralia 2. Análisis del discurso oral, 155–184) como un candidato distinto que puede generar cambios en la política nacional. A su vez, realiza actos de amenazas a la imagen de afiliación de Daniel Scioli. Este, en respuesta, despliega actividades tendientes a reforzar su imagen de autonomía y a construir una imagen de afiliación amplia con la oposición a Mauricio Macri. Asimismo, realiza amenazas a la imagen de su adversario. (shrink)

Over half a century ago, George Zipf observed that more frequent words tend to be older. Corpus studies since then have confirmed this pattern, with more frequent words being replaced and regularized less often than less frequent words. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain this: that frequent words change less because selection against innovation is stronger at higher frequencies, or that they change less because stochastic drift is stronger at lower frequencies. Here, we report the first experimental test (...) of these hypotheses. Participants were tasked with learning a miniature language consisting of two nouns and two plural markers. Nouns occurred at different frequencies and were subjected to treatments that varied drift and selection. Using a model that accounts for participant heterogeneity, we measured the rate of noun regularization, the strength of selection, and the strength of drift in participant responses. Results suggest that drift alone is sufficient to generate the elevated rate of regularization we observed in low‐frequency nouns, adding to a growing body of evidence that drift may be a major driver of language change. (shrink)

Ortega said: “the reabsorption of circumstance is the concrete destiny of man”. But, what happens when this living environment is perceived so hostile that makes a project of life impracticable? In this article, we will reflect on possible responses to such a circumstance; where we seek refuge and find shelter to continue believing in the possibility of our project of life. Among other options, the current subject seems tender to look for it in the past, in the nostalgic look to (...) the memories and the tradition. But this doesn’t happen without risks. This past, idealized, when it’s intended to be affirmed, must be confronted with that circumstance, and the resulting shock gives expression to many of the current social conflicts. (shrink)

La nostalgia se ha convertido en uno de los temples anímicos protagonistas a la hora de condicionar nuestro comportamiento dentro de las llamadas sociedades occidentales, se aprecia en fenómenos que cubren desde el consumo de ocio hasta el resurgir de movimientos de inspiración idealista que movilizan parte de las resistencias de hoy. En el presente artículo analizaremos dicha presencia contrastando la hipótesis que la nostalgia emerge como respuesta a la angustia que tales sociedades provocan en sus ciudadanos, sujetos que juzgan (...) su circunstancia, debido a la incertidumbre y desesperanza que les genera, de inhóspita y resistente al desarrollo de sus proyectos. (shrink)